In the following question below are given some statements followed by some conclusions based on those statements. Taking the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows the given statement.

• Statement:
  I. Some C are Y
  II. All U are Y
• Conclusion:
  I. All Y are G
  II. Some U are not G

1. A

   Only conclusion I follows

2. B

   Only conclusion II follows

3. C

   Both conclusions I and II follows

4. D

   Neither conclusion follows

Appeared in: CIP Ranchi 2023

Explanation

• In formal logic, a conclusion cannot introduce a new term that is not present in the premises (the given statements).
• The statements only provide information about the relationship between terms 'C', 'Y', and 'U'.
• Both Conclusion I ('All Y are G') and Conclusion II ('Some U are not G') introduce a new term, 'G'.
• Since 'G' is not mentioned in the premises, no valid conclusion can be drawn about its relationship with any other term.
• Therefore, both conclusions are logically invalid.

Why Other Options Were Wrong

• Option A: This is incorrect because Conclusion I ('All Y are G') is invalid. It introduces the term 'G', which is not present in the original statements, making it impossible to deduce this relationship.
• Option B: This is incorrect because Conclusion II ('Some U are not G') is also invalid. It relies on the new term 'G', about which no information is given in the statements.
• Option C: This is incorrect because if both conclusions are individually invalid, they cannot be valid together. Both conclusions fail for the same reason: introducing a new term not found in the premises.

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Clinical Relevance

• Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Syllogism and Logical Deduction as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
• This question tests logical reasoning, a critical skill for nurses in clinical decision-making.
• Nurses must draw conclusions based only on the available patient data (like lab results, vital signs, symptoms) and not make assumptions or introduce external, unverified information.
• Making decisions based on incomplete or assumed information can lead to diagnostic errors and patient harm.

How to Approach the Question

• Step 1: Carefully read the given statements and identify all the terms involved (here: C, Y, U).
• Step 2: Mentally or on paper, visualize the relationship between these terms. A Venn diagram is an excellent tool for this. 'All U are Y' means U is a subset of Y. 'Some C are Y' means the C and Y circles overlap.
• Step 3: Read each conclusion and identify the terms it uses (here: Y, G, U).
• Step 4: Compare the terms in the conclusions with the terms in the statements. Notice that the term 'G' appears in the conclusions but not in the statements.
• Step 5: Apply the fundamental rule of syllogism: A conclusion cannot contain a term that is not in the premises. If it does, it is automatically invalid.
• Step 6: Since both conclusions introduce the new term 'G', conclude that neither logically follows from the statements.

Concept Tested & Keywords

• Concept Tested: Syllogism and Logical Deduction
• Stem keywords: Statements, Conclusions, Logically follows, Syllogism
• Lead-in keywords: decide which of the given conclusion logically follows
• Negative lead-in flag: false

Question ID

QspZj7d-fmAuBWkNOIp2m1

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