Read the given statement and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information in the statement is true, even if they appear to be at variance with commonly known facts, select which of the conclusions logically follow(s) from the statement beyond reasonable doubt.

Statements:
I. Some parrots are peacocks.
II. Some crows are peacocks.

Conclusions:
I. Some peacocks are parrots.
II. Some peacocks are crows.

1. A

   Only conclusion II follows

2. B

   Only conclusion I follows

3. C

   Both conclusion I and II follow

4. D

   Neither of the conclusions follows

Appeared in: DSSSB -28 August 2019 (Shift-2)

Explanation

• The question involves evaluating conclusions based on two given statements.
• Both statements are 'Particular Affirmative' (I-type) propositions, which follow the format 'Some A are B'.
• A fundamental rule of logical conversion states that an I-type proposition 'Some A are B' can be directly converted to 'Some B are A'.
• Applying this rule, 'Some parrots are peacocks' (Statement I) validly converts to 'Some peacocks are parrots' (Conclusion I).
• Similarly, 'Some crows are peacocks' (Statement II) validly converts to 'Some peacocks are crows' (Conclusion II).
• Since both conclusions are valid conversions of the given statements, both logically follow.

Why Other Options Were Wrong

• Option A: This option is incorrect because it dismisses Conclusion I, which is a valid logical conversion of Statement I.
• Option B: This option is incorrect because it dismisses Conclusion II, which is a valid logical conversion of Statement II.
• Option D: This option is incorrect because both conclusions are derived directly from the statements using a standard rule of logical conversion.

Related Visual

Clinical Relevance

• Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Logical Reasoning: Syllogisms and Conversion of Propositions as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
• This question tests logical and deductive reasoning, a foundational skill for critical thinking in nursing.
• Nurses use deductive reasoning to move from general principles (e.g., signs of infection) to specific conclusions about a patient (e.g., this patient's fever and high WBC count indicate an infection).
• What if? If Statement I was 'All parrots are peacocks' (A-type), the conversion would be different. 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'. It implies 'Some B are A' (conversion by limitation). So, 'Some peacocks are parrots' would still follow, but 'All peacocks are parrots' would not.

How to Approach the Question

• First, identify the type of logical statements provided. Here, both are 'Particular Affirmative' (I-type), in the form 'Some A are B'.
• Next, analyze the conclusions to see how they relate to the statements. Notice that the conclusions reverse the subject and predicate of the statements.
• Recall the rules of immediate inference, specifically 'conversion'. The rule for an I-type proposition ('Some A are B') is that it can be validly converted to 'Some B are A'.
• Apply this conversion rule to Statement I: 'Some parrots are peacocks' becomes 'Some peacocks are parrots'. This matches Conclusion I.
• Apply the same rule to Statement II: 'Some crows are peacocks' becomes 'Some peacocks are crows'. This matches Conclusion II.
• Since both conclusions are validly derived, select the option stating that both follow.

Concept Tested & Keywords

• Concept Tested: Logical Reasoning: Syllogisms and Conversion of Propositions
• Stem keywords: Statements, Conclusions, logically follow, Some parrots are peacocks, Some crows are peacocks
• Lead-in keywords: select which of the conclusions logically follow(s)

Question ID

Q1A6XTYetQarDTmav8frgo

Copy ID

Reference Book

E6 Psychology Morgan King 9e Part 2 p. 67-69

E6 Psychology Baron Misra 5e Part 1 p. 241-243