In operation theater during cauterization, the electric current passing from a single electrode is called:

Combined AIIMS - 2020 (Jodhpur, Bhopal, Patna, Raipur)

Medical & Surgical Nursing

Medium

Appeared in: Combined AIIMS - 2020 (Jodhpur, Bhopal, Patna, Raipur)

Explanation

The question describes a system with a 'single electrode', which is the defining characteristic of monopolar electrosurgery.
In monopolar electrosurgery, the electrical circuit consists of a generator, an active electrode (the surgical instrument), the patient, and a return electrode (grounding pad).
'Monopolar cautery' is the correct technical term for this process.
'Bovie cautery' is a common proprietary name for the monopolar electrosurgical device and is used interchangeably in clinical practice.
Since both terms refer to the same single-electrode system, the option 'Both a and b' is the most comprehensive and correct answer.

Option A: This option is correct, but it is not the only correct term. 'Monopolar cautery' is also correct, making the 'Both a and b' option a better and more complete answer.
Option B: This is the correct technical term, but 'Bovie cautery' is also a widely accepted synonym. Therefore, the 'Both a and b' option is the most complete choice.
Option C: Bipolar cautery is incorrect because it uses two electrodes located on the tip of the instrument (like forceps). The electric current is confined to the tissue between these two tips and does not pass through the patient's body to a separate grounding pad.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Principles of Electrosurgery as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
A critical nursing responsibility during monopolar electrosurgery is ensuring the patient return electrode (grounding pad) is correctly applied. It must have full, firm contact with a large, well-vascularized muscle mass, as close to the surgical site as possible.
Improper grounding pad placement (e.g., partial detachment, placement over bony prominences, scar tissue, or implants) can lead to a high current density at the exit point, causing severe patient burns.
What if? If the patient has a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), bipolar cautery is the preferred method. Monopolar current can travel through the body and interfere with the device's function, potentially causing life-threatening arrhythmias. If monopolar must be used, the grounding pad should be placed so the current path does not cross the heart or the implanted device.

How to Approach the Question

First, identify the key phrase in the question: 'electric current passing from a single electrode'.
Recall the fundamental principles of surgical energy devices. Differentiate between monopolar and bipolar circuits.
Recognize that 'monopolar' refers to a circuit with one active electrode and a separate return pad, matching the question's description.
Recognize that 'bipolar' refers to a circuit where both active and return electrodes are at the instrument tip.
Consider the term 'Bovie cautery'. Recall from clinical practice that this is a common brand name used synonymously with monopolar cautery.
Evaluate the options. Since both 'Bovie cautery' (A) and 'Monopolar cautery' (B) are correct descriptions, the most accurate and complete answer is 'Both a and b' (D).

Concept Tested & Keywords

Concept Tested: Principles of Electrosurgery
Stem keywords: operation theater, cauterization, electric current, single electrode
Lead-in keywords: is called