Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements.

Statements:
All biscuits are cookies.
Some biscuits are wafers.

Conclusions:
(I) Some cookies are wafers.
(II) Some wafers are not biscuits.

1. A

   Both conclusions (I) and (II) follow.

2. B

   Only conclusion (II) follows.

3. C

   Neither conclusion (I) nor (II) follows.

4. D

   Only conclusion (I) follows.

Appeared in: Bihar NHM CHO-2025

Explanation

• The core logic rests on the combination of a universal statement ('All A are B') and a particular statement ('Some A are C').
• Since 'All biscuits are cookies', any biscuit that has another property (like being a wafer) automatically transfers that property to the 'cookie' category.
• Statement 2 confirms 'Some biscuits are wafers'. Because these biscuits are also cookies (from Statement 1), it logically necessitates that 'Some cookies are wafers'.

Why Other Options Were Wrong

• Option A: This option incorrectly assumes Conclusion (II) is valid. The statements do not provide enough information to definitively conclude that some wafers are not biscuits. This is a possibility, but not a logical certainty.
• Option B: This option incorrectly validates Conclusion (II) while ignoring the valid Conclusion (I). Conclusion (I) is a direct and certain deduction from the premises.
• Option C: This option incorrectly dismisses Conclusion (I), which is a logically sound deduction based on the given statements.

Related Visual

• Visual 1: Venn Diagram. A diagram showing three overlapping circles representing 'Cookies', 'Biscuits', and 'Wafers'. The 'Biscuits' circle should be entirely within the 'Cookies' circle, and the 'Wafers' circle should overlap with the 'Biscuits' circle. This visually demonstrates that the intersection of Biscuits and Wafers must also be an intersection of Cookies and Wafers.

Clinical Relevance

• Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Syllogism and Logical Deduction as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
• This question type is not directly related to clinical nursing but tests analytical and logical reasoning skills.
• These skills are crucial for nurses in clinical decision-making, interpreting patient data, and following complex protocols where understanding logical relationships (e.g., if-then scenarios) is essential for patient safety.
• What if? If Statement 2 was 'No biscuits are wafers', then the conclusion 'No cookies that are biscuits are wafers' would follow, but we couldn't conclude anything about the relationship between cookies in general and wafers.

How to Approach the Question

• First, identify the type of statements (universal 'All' or particular 'Some').
• Translate the statements into a visual representation, like a Venn diagram. This is the most reliable method.
• Draw a large circle for the universal category ('Cookies'). Place the subject of the 'All' statement ('Biscuits') completely inside it.
• Now, draw the circle for the third item ('Wafers') to satisfy the second statement ('Some biscuits are wafers') by making it overlap with the 'Biscuits' circle.
• Examine each conclusion one by one and check if it MUST be true based on your diagram. If a conclusion is only possibly true, it is not a logical deduction.
• Select the option that reflects your analysis of the conclusions.

Concept Tested & Keywords

• Concept Tested: Syllogism and Logical Deduction
• Stem keywords: All biscuits are cookies, Some biscuits are wafers, Statements, Conclusions
• Lead-in keywords: logically follow(s)
• Negative lead-in flag: false

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