The possible causes of retention of urine include except

RRB Staff Nurse Jaipur-6th June 2018

Medical & Surgical Nursing

Medium

Appeared in: RRB Staff Nurse Jaipur-6th June 2018

Explanation

Albendazole is an anthelmintic medication used to treat parasitic worm infections.
Its mechanism of action targets parasitic metabolism and does not affect human bladder muscle contractility or urethral sphincter tone.
Urinary retention is not a known or common side effect associated with albendazole.
Therefore, it is the correct exception among the given options, which are all valid causes of urinary retention.

Option A: Urethral obstruction is a primary and direct cause of urinary retention. A physical blockage prevents the outflow of urine from the bladder.
Option B: Surgery and trauma are well-established causes of urinary retention. Post-operative urinary retention (POUR) is a common complication due to anesthesia, pain, and inflammation.
Option D: Decreased stimulation of the bladder muscle, also known as neurogenic bladder or atonic bladder, is a significant cause of chronic urinary retention. It results from impaired nerve supply to the detrusor muscle.

Visual 1: Diagram: Illustrating common sites of urethral obstruction (prostate, stricture, stone).
Visual 2: Flowchart: Categorizing the causes of urinary retention into obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and myogenic.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Etiology of Urinary Retention as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
Nurses must diligently monitor for urinary retention in post-operative patients, especially after pelvic or spinal surgery, by assessing for bladder distention and using a bladder scanner to measure post-void residual (PVR) volume.
Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency that requires prompt intervention, often with urinary catheterization, to prevent bladder damage, hydronephrosis, and acute kidney injury.
A thorough medication review is crucial, as many common drugs (e.g., opioids, anticholinergics) can precipitate or worsen urinary retention.

How to Approach the Question

First, identify the negative keyword 'except' in the question stem. This signals that you must find the option that is NOT a cause of urinary retention.
Evaluate each option based on your knowledge of urinary system pathophysiology.
Analyze Option A: Urethral obstruction is a direct mechanical reason for urine to be retained. This is a valid cause.
Analyze Option B: Surgery and trauma are well-known risk factors for post-operative urinary retention (POUR) due to anesthesia and local inflammation. This is a valid cause.
Analyze Option D: Decreased stimulation of the bladder muscle describes a neurogenic bladder, a classic cause of retention. This is a valid cause.
Analyze Option C: Consider the drug class of albendazole (anthelmintic). Its function is unrelated to the urinary system's neuromuscular control. It is not among the common drug classes (like anticholinergics or opioids) that cause retention.

Concept Tested & Keywords

QJPVgohFQTC8DX6R__fXV5