No relationship exists between smoking and the incidence of lung cancer. This is an example of?

DSSSB -28 August 2019 (Shift-2)

Nursing Research & Statistics

Easy

Appeared in: DSSSB -28 August 2019 (Shift-2)

Explanation

A null hypothesis, often denoted as H₀, is a statement that there is no statistical significance or relationship between the variables being studied.
The question provides a statement, "No relationship exists between smoking and the incidence of lung cancer," which directly aligns with the definition of a null hypothesis.
In research, the goal is to test this null hypothesis. If sufficient evidence is found, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis (which would state that a relationship does exist).

Option A: A research hypothesis, also known as an alternative hypothesis (H₁), proposes that there is a relationship between variables.
Option B: "Academic hypothesis" is not a standard or formal term used in the classification of research hypotheses. It is a general term without a specific methodological definition.
Option C: A complex hypothesis involves a relationship between more than two variables (e.g., two or more independent variables or two or more dependent variables). The given statement has only one independent variable (smoking) and one dependent variable (lung cancer).

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Types of research hypotheses as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
Understanding the different types of hypotheses is fundamental for nurses to critically appraise research articles and determine the validity of study findings.
This knowledge allows nurses to engage in evidence-based practice by evaluating whether the evidence supports or refutes a particular clinical intervention or understanding of a health phenomenon.
What if? - If a study rejects the null hypothesis in this example, it means there is statistical evidence of a relationship between smoking and lung cancer. This reinforces the nurse's role in patient education, promoting smoking cessation, and advocating for public health policies against tobacco use.

How to Approach the Question

First, analyze the core assertion of the statement provided in the question: "No relationship exists...".
Recognize that this phrase is a key definitional component in research methodology.
Recall the definitions of the different types of hypotheses (Null, Research/Alternative, Simple, Complex).
Match the assertion "no relationship" to its corresponding hypothesis type.
The statement directly matches the definition of a null hypothesis (H₀), which posits no effect or no relationship.
Evaluate the other options to confirm they are incorrect. A research hypothesis would state a relationship, and a complex hypothesis would involve more variables.

Concept Tested & Keywords

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E6 NursingResearch Suresh Sharma 5e Part 1 p. 102-104

E6 NursingResearch Sukhpal Kaur pp. 113-115, 112-114