When periods of hyperpnoea alternate with periods of apnoea, the breathing pattern is termed?

Appeared in: SCTIMST Staff Nurse - 2015 (Set-A)

Explanation

Cheyne-Stokes respiration is defined by its unique cyclical nature, which directly matches the question's description.
The pattern consists of a 'crescendo-decrescendo' or 'waxing and waning' phase of hyperpnoea, where breathing becomes progressively deeper and faster.
This hyperpneic phase is followed by a gradual decrease in breathing that culminates in a distinct period of apnoea (cessation of breathing).
The entire cycle then repeats, typically over a period of 40 to 60 seconds.
This pattern is caused by a delayed response of the brain's respiratory centers to changes in blood gas levels (CO₂ and O₂), often due to conditions like heart failure or brain damage.

Option A: Kussmaul's respiration is characterized by deep, rapid, and labored breathing, but it is a continuous and regular pattern, not cyclical with periods of apnoea.
Option C: Bradypnoea refers to a consistently slow respiratory rate (typically less than 12 breaths per minute). It does not involve alternating periods of hyperpnoea and apnoea.
Option D: Tachypnoea refers to a consistently rapid and shallow respiratory rate (typically greater than 20 breaths per minute). It lacks the cyclical nature and apneic periods of Cheyne-Stokes respiration.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Identification of abnormal breathing patterns as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
Recognizing abnormal breathing patterns is a critical nursing skill, as they often signal serious underlying pathology.
The presence of Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a significant finding that can indicate decompensated heart failure or neurological compromise, requiring prompt assessment and intervention.
Nurses must document the specific characteristics of the breathing pattern observed (rate, depth, rhythm, and presence of apnea) and report significant changes to the healthcare provider.

How to Approach the Question

First, break down the question stem to identify the key descriptors of the breathing pattern: 'periods of hyperpnoea' (deep, fast breathing) that 'alternate with' 'periods of apnoea' (no breathing).
The core concept is the cyclical alternation between two distinct respiratory states.
Next, review the definitions of the options provided.
Kussmaul's is deep and fast but regular.
Bradypnoea is consistently slow.
Tachypnoea is consistently fast.

Concept Tested & Keywords

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E6 Physiology Guyton 4SAE Part 2A p. 114-116

E6 Physiology Essentials Sembulingam 10e Part 3 p. 7-9

Practise the full SCTIMST Staff Nurse - 2015 (Set-A)

Attempt every question from this paper in a timed mock, then review the full solution for each one.