Raj. CHO -2024: All except \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular (हृदयवाहिका) diseases.

Raj. CHO -2024

Medical & Surgical Nursing

Easy

Appeared in: Raj. CHO -2024

Explanation

Genetic factors refer to the inherited traits passed down through families, which can predispose an individual to certain diseases.
These factors are determined at conception and are unchangeable throughout a person's life.
A strong family history of premature cardiovascular disease is a well-established non-modifiable risk factor.
While one cannot change their genes, awareness allows for more aggressive management of other, modifiable risk factors.

Option A: Stress is considered a modifiable risk factor. Chronic stress can contribute to high blood pressure and other unhealthy behaviors that increase heart disease risk.
Option B: High blood pressure (hypertension) is a major modifiable risk factor. It can be effectively controlled with lifestyle changes (diet, exercise) and antihypertensive medications.
Option D: Obesity is a significant modifiable risk factor. It is linked to other risk factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Weight can be managed through diet and physical activity.

Visual 1: Infographic - A clear chart visually separating modifiable risk factors (like diet, smoking, exercise) on one side and non-modifiable risk factors (like age, genetics, sex) on the other side for cardiovascular disease.
Visual 2: Diagram - A simple illustration showing how risk factors like obesity and high blood pressure can lead to atherosclerosis and heart disease, emphasizing their 'modifiable' nature.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
Nurses play a crucial role in patient education regarding cardiovascular risk reduction. This involves assessing both modifiable and non-modifiable risks.
The primary nursing intervention is to empower patients to make sustainable lifestyle changes to control their modifiable risk factors, such as diet, exercise, and stress management.
What if? If a patient has strong non-modifiable risks (e.g., a family history of heart attacks at a young age), the nurse's priority shifts to advocating for earlier screenings and more aggressive management of all modifiable factors to mitigate the overall high risk.

How to Approach the Question

First, analyze the question's lead-in. The word 'except' is a negative keyword, which means you are looking for the option that does not belong to the group mentioned.
Identify the main concept in the stem: 'modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases'.
Evaluate each option against this concept. Ask yourself, 'Can this factor be changed or controlled by the individual?'
Option A (Stress), B (High blood pressure), and D (Obesity) can all be managed or changed. They are modifiable.
Option C (Genetic factors) is inherited and cannot be changed. It is non-modifiable.
Therefore, 'Genetic factors' is the exception and the correct answer.

Concept Tested & Keywords

Concept Tested: Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Stem keywords: modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular diseases, except
Lead-in keywords: except
Negative lead-in flag: The question uses 'except', asking for the option that does not fit the category of modifiable risk factors.

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