Kwashiorkor is caused by deficiency of:

IGNOU PB Bsc Entrance-2022

Applied Nutrition & Dietetics

Medium

Appeared in: IGNOU PB Bsc Entrance-2022

Explanation

Kwashiorkor is a form of severe Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM), a condition involving deficiencies in both protein and energy (calories).
While the most specific cause of Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary protein deficiency, often with adequate calorie intake from carbohydrates, it falls under the broader PEM classification.
The key clinical sign distinguishing Kwashiorkor is edema (swelling), caused by low levels of albumin in the blood due to the lack of protein.
Among the given choices, 'Protein and calories in diet' is the best fit as it describes the general category of PEM to which Kwashiorkor belongs.

Option A: While protein deficiency is central to Kwashiorkor, fat deficiency is not its defining characteristic. Subcutaneous fat is often preserved in Kwashiorkor, unlike in Marasmus.
Option B: This is incorrect because the diet leading to Kwashiorkor is typically high in carbohydrates (providing calories) but severely lacking in protein. Therefore, there is no carbohydrate deficiency.
Option D: This option describes a state of general starvation but misses the critical component of protein deficiency that defines Kwashiorkor. A deficiency in calories and fat without a severe protein deficit is more aligned with Marasmus or general undernutrition.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain The causes and characteristics of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM), specifically Kwashiorkor as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
Nurses must be able to differentiate between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus as the management, particularly the refeeding process, has specific protocols to avoid complications like refeeding syndrome.
Assessment is key: Checking for pitting edema is a simple bedside test to distinguish Kwashiorkor (edema present) from Marasmus (edema absent).
Patient education is vital, especially for caregivers, on the importance of a balanced diet with adequate protein for children after weaning.

How to Approach the Question

First, identify the key term in the question: 'Kwashiorkor'.
Recall the definition of Kwashiorkor as a form of severe malnutrition.
Remember that malnutrition has two main presentations: Kwashiorkor (protein deficiency) and Marasmus (protein and calorie deficiency). Both are types of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM).
Analyze the options. Recognize that Kwashiorkor's specific cause is protein deficiency with adequate calories. However, this exact option is not available.
Evaluate the given choices in the context of the broader category, PEM. Option C, 'Protein and calories in diet,' represents this general category.
Select the best-fitting option while acknowledging the nuance that Option C is a more accurate description of Marasmus or general PEM, but is the intended answer for Kwashiorkor in many testing contexts.

Concept Tested & Keywords

Concept Tested: The causes and characteristics of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM), specifically Kwashiorkor.
Stem keywords: Kwashiorkor, deficiency
Lead-in keywords: caused by

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