RUHS, Jaipur, M.Sc Nursing Entrance Exam-2021
Community Health Nursing
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Hawthorne effect is seen in?
Appeared in: RUHS, Jaipur, M.Sc Nursing Entrance Exam-2021
Explanation
- The Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity where study participants modify their behavior because they are aware of being observed.
- This effect is most prominent in prospective studies like cohort and experimental studies, where participants are followed over time.
- In a cohort study, the awareness of being part of the study can lead individuals to change their lifestyle or health habits (e.g., better diet, more exercise), which can bias the study's findings on the association between an exposure and an outcome.
Why Other Options Were Wrong
- Option B: These studies are retrospective, looking back in time from outcome to exposure. The behavior has already occurred, so observation cannot change it.
- Option C: These studies are a 'snapshot' in time, measuring exposure and outcome simultaneously. The one-time interaction minimizes the chance for sustained behavioral change due to observation.
- Option D: These studies use aggregated data for populations or groups, not individuals. The Hawthorne effect is an individual-level psychological response and thus does not apply.
Related Visual
Clinical Relevance
- Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Bias in epidemiological study designs as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
- Nurses involved in clinical research must be aware of the Hawthorne effect to critically appraise study findings. It can lead to an overestimation of the effectiveness of an intervention.
- To minimize the Hawthorne effect, researchers may use a control group that receives similar attention, use unobtrusive data collection methods, or allow for an adaptation period before collecting data.
- What if? If a study was double-blinded (neither participants nor researchers know the group assignments), the Hawthorne effect would be significantly reduced, although not entirely eliminated, as participants still know they are in a study.
How to Approach the Question
- First, define the key term in the question: 'Hawthorne effect'. This is the phenomenon where people behave differently because they know they are being watched.
- Next, consider the nature of each study design provided in the options.
- A cohort study follows people forward in time (prospectively). This long-term observation makes it highly likely that participants will alter their behavior.
- A case-control study looks backward (retrospectively). The events have already happened, so observation now can't change the past.
- A cross-sectional study is a snapshot in time. The observation is brief.
- An ecological study uses group data, not individual data. Therefore, an individual's reaction to being observed is not relevant.
Concept Tested & Keywords
- Concept Tested: Bias in epidemiological study designs
- Stem keywords: Hawthorne effect
- Lead-in keywords: seen in
- Negative lead-in flag: false
Question ID
QxRDvO3_84-jgZrUWj4wBz
Reference Book
E6 Robert Boland, Marcia L. Verduin - Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Text of Psychiatry-Wolters Kluwer Health (2024) (pp 1-16525 of 16525) p. 2846-2848
E6 Parks TextBook of Preventive & Social Medicine part 1 — Subpart A (pp 26-201 of 604) pp. 68-70, 62-64
Practise the full RUHS, Jaipur, M.Sc Nursing Entrance Exam-2021
Attempt every question from this paper in a timed mock, then review the full solution for each one.
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