From a behaviourist point of view, learning is:

UPUMS Nsg officer-2023

Applied Psychology

Easy

Appeared in: UPUMS Nsg officer-2023

Explanation

Behaviorism defines learning as a relatively permanent change in observable behavior that occurs as a result of experience or practice.
This psychological perspective emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior and focuses on stimulus-response relationships.
It posits that learning happens through two main processes: classical conditioning (learning by association) and operant conditioning (learning through consequences like reinforcement and punishment).
Unlike other theories, behaviorism intentionally excludes internal mental states (like thoughts, feelings, and goals) from its definition of learning, as they are not directly observable.

Option B: This describes cognitive theories of learning, which, unlike behaviorism, emphasize the role of internal mental processes like goals, expectations, and problem-solving.
Option C: Trial-and-error is a specific mechanism of learning described by behaviorist Edward Thorndike (Law of Effect), but it is not the comprehensive definition for all learning within the behaviorist framework.
Option D: This phrase, 'total reaction to the total situation,' is the central idea of Gestalt psychology, which posits that learning occurs through insight and by perceiving a problem as a whole.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Behaviorist theory of learning as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
Behaviorist principles are widely used in nursing for patient education and behavior modification. For example, using positive reinforcement (praise, rewards) can encourage patients to adhere to medication schedules or lifestyle changes.
Techniques like systematic desensitization, which is based on classical conditioning, are used by nurses and therapists to help patients overcome phobias related to medical procedures, such as fear of needles or MRI scans.
Understanding behaviorism helps nurses in pediatric care to manage children's behavior by rewarding cooperation and ignoring or redirecting undesirable actions.

How to Approach the Question

First, identify the key term in the question stem: 'behaviourist point of view'. This directs you to a specific school of psychological thought.
Recall the fundamental definition of learning according to behaviorism. The core concept is an observable, measurable change in behavior that results from experience.
Evaluate each option against this core definition.
Option A, 'Change in behaviour as a result of experience', is a direct and accurate summary of the behaviorist definition.
Analyze the other options to confirm they are incorrect. Recognize that 'goal directed' (Option B) implies cognitive processes, 'trial-and-error' (Option C) is a specific mechanism rather than the overall definition, and 'total reaction to the total situation' (Option D) belongs to Gestalt psychology.
Select the option that provides the most precise and comprehensive definition for the specified theory.

Concept Tested & Keywords

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E6 Psychology Baron Misra 5e Part 1 p. 172-174

E6 Psychology Morgan King 9e Part 1 p. 191-193