& x20;Calculate the Odds Ratio with the following data: Cancer No Cancer Smoking 80 20 No Smoking 40 60 - INI-CET EXAM -2026

INI-CET EXAM -2026

Community Health Nursing

Medium

Appeared in: INI-CET EXAM -2026

Explanation

The Odds Ratio (OR) is a key measure in case-control studies to quantify the strength of association between an exposure and an outcome.
The data is first organized into a 2x2 table: Exposed cases (a=80), Exposed controls (b=20), Unexposed cases (c=40), and Unexposed controls (d=60).
The formula for the Odds Ratio is the cross-product: (a × d) / (b × c).
Substituting the values gives: (80 × 60) / (20 × 40).
The calculation simplifies to 4800 / 800, which equals 6.
An OR of 6 indicates that smokers have 6 times the odds of developing cancer compared to non-smokers, suggesting a strong association.

Option B: This value is incorrect. It may result from a calculation error, such as incorrectly dividing the products, for example, 4800 / 600 instead of 4800 / 800.
Option C: This value is incorrect. It does not follow from the standard (ad)/(bc) formula. It might arise from an arithmetic mistake.
Option D: This value is incorrect. It could be the result of a calculation error, such as dividing the product of 'a' and 'd' (4800) by an incorrect denominator, like 400 instead of 800.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Calculation and interpretation of Odds Ratio from a 2x2 contingency table as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
The Odds Ratio is a fundamental concept in epidemiology and evidence-based practice, allowing nurses and public health professionals to understand the strength of risk factors for diseases.
Understanding OR helps in interpreting research findings from case-control studies, which are common for investigating causes of rare diseases or outbreaks.
This knowledge is crucial for patient education. A nurse can explain that an OR of 6 for smoking and cancer signifies a very high risk, reinforcing the importance of smoking cessation.

How to Approach the Question

First, identify that the question asks for the calculation of an Odds Ratio, a common measure in biostatistics.
Recall the standard 2x2 table structure for case-control data: Cases vs. Controls and Exposed vs. Unexposed.
Assign the given numbers to the correct cells in the table: a (exposed cases), b (exposed controls), c (unexposed cases), and d (unexposed controls).
Remember the formula for the Odds Ratio: OR = (a × d) / (b × c).
Carefully substitute the numbers into the formula: (80 × 60) / (20 × 40).
Perform the multiplication for the numerator (4800) and the denominator (800), then divide to find the final answer.

Concept Tested & Keywords

Concept Tested: Calculation and interpretation of Odds Ratio from a 2x2 contingency table.
Stem keywords: Odds Ratio, Calculate, Cancer, Smoking
Lead-in keywords: Calculate

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