Which is a cause of Anuria?

RRB Nsg. Superintendent 21 July 2019 (shift 1st)

Medical Surgical Nursing

Medium

Appeared in: RRB Nsg. Superintendent 21 July 2019 (shift 1st)

Explanation

Anuria is the cessation or near-cessation of urine production, defined as a urine output of less than 100 mL in a 24-hour period.
Renal failure is a condition where the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood and produce urine.
The failure of the kidneys, whether due to prerenal (inadequate blood flow), intrarenal (direct kidney damage), or postrenal (obstruction) causes, is the most direct and definitive cause of anuria.

Option A: Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix, which is part of the gastrointestinal system. It does not directly impact kidney function or urine production.
Option B: Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining. It is a digestive issue and is unrelated to the urinary system's function of producing urine.
Option C: Pyrexia (fever) can cause dehydration, which leads to a decreased urine output known as oliguria (less than 400 mL/day). It does not typically cause the near-complete cessation of urine seen in anuria unless it leads to a severe complication like shock and subsequent acute kidney injury.

Visual 1: Diagram - Illustrating the three types of acute kidney injury (prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal) with examples for each, showing how they can lead to anuria.
Visual 2: Chart - A comparative chart defining and listing common causes for anuria, oliguria, and polyuria to help differentiate between these conditions.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Causes of Anuria as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
Anuria is a critical finding and a medical emergency. It signals severe kidney dysfunction or a complete urinary obstruction, which requires immediate investigation and intervention to prevent life-threatening complications like hyperkalemia, severe metabolic acidosis, and fluid overload.
Nurses are on the frontline of detecting anuria. Accurate and strict monitoring of a patient's intake and output is a fundamental nursing responsibility that provides the earliest warning of deteriorating renal function.
What if? - If the patient's urine output was 350 mL over 24 hours, the condition would be classified as oliguria, not anuria. While still a serious sign of renal impairment requiring intervention, the immediate urgency is slightly less than with complete anuria, as it indicates some kidney function remains.

How to Approach the Question

Step 1: Identify the key term in the question, which is 'Anuria'.
Step 2: Define 'Anuria'. Recall that it means the virtual absence of urine production (less than 100 mL/day).
Step 3: Consider the primary function of the organs or conditions listed in the options.
Step 4: Evaluate the options in relation to urine production. Appendicitis and Gastritis are gastrointestinal conditions and do not directly affect the kidneys.
Step 5: Analyze Pyrexia (fever). While it can cause dehydration and reduce urine output (oliguria), it's not a direct cause of complete cessation (anuria).
Step 6: Analyze Renal failure. The kidneys produce urine. Therefore, the failure of the kidneys is the most direct and logical cause of the cessation of urine production. This makes it the correct answer.

Concept Tested & Keywords

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