What is the complication of osteoporosis?

Appeared in: HPSSC - 2015

Explanation

Osteoporosis is defined by reduced bone density and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue.
This structural weakness makes the bones fragile and highly susceptible to breaking.
The most direct and common complication is a fragility fracture, which can occur from minimal trauma or even spontaneously.
Common sites for osteoporotic fractures include the hip, spine (vertebrae), and wrist.

Option B: Contracture is the shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other soft tissues, leading to joint rigidity. It is not caused by the low bone density characteristic of osteoporosis.
Option C: Infection of the bone (osteomyelitis) is caused by bacteria or other pathogens. Osteoporosis does not increase the risk of bone infection.
Option D: Compartment syndrome is a condition of increased pressure within a confined body space (a fascial compartment) that impairs blood supply. It is a medical emergency typically caused by severe trauma, not by the chronic bone loss of osteoporosis.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Complications of Osteoporosis as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
A key nursing role is patient education on preventing falls, which are the leading cause of fractures in older adults with osteoporosis. This includes home safety assessments and recommending appropriate footwear.
Nurses are crucial in counseling patients on lifestyle modifications, including adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, and engaging in weight-bearing exercises to maintain bone strength.
What if? If a patient with known osteoporosis presents with sudden, severe back pain after lifting a moderately heavy object, the nurse should have a high index of suspicion for a vertebral compression fracture and prioritize pain management and neurological assessment.

How to Approach the Question

First, understand the core concept of the question: 'osteoporosis'. Recall its definition as a disease that weakens bones.
Next, analyze the term 'complication'. This means you are looking for a direct consequence or result of the disease process.
Evaluate each option based on the pathophysiology of weak, brittle bones.
A 'fracture' is a direct mechanical failure of a weakened bone, making it the most logical complication.
Consider the other options: 'Contracture' relates to soft tissue and immobility, 'Infection' relates to pathogens, and 'Compartment syndrome' relates to acute swelling and pressure. These are not direct results of the bone-thinning process itself.
Therefore, conclude that fracture is the primary complication of osteoporosis.

Concept Tested & Keywords

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E6 Medicine Davidson Principles Practice 24e p. 1064-1066

E6 Pathology- ROBBINS & COTRAN PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE 10TH Ed p. 1182-1184

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