Bihar CHO - 2021: What happens due to Iodine deficiency?

Bihar CHO - 2021

Applied Nutrition & Dietetics

Easy

Appeared in: Bihar CHO - 2021

Explanation

Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
Insufficient iodine intake impairs the thyroid gland's ability to produce these hormones, leading to low circulating levels.
In response to low thyroid hormone levels, the pituitary gland secretes excess Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
This continuous stimulation by TSH causes the thyroid gland to hypertrophy and enlarge, resulting in a visible swelling in the neck known as a goiter.

Option B: Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. Their formation is primarily linked to high concentrations of substances like calcium, oxalate, and uric acid in the urine, often exacerbated by dehydration, not iodine levels.
Option C: Cystitis is the medical term for inflammation of the bladder. The vast majority of cases are caused by bacterial infections, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), and are unrelated to micronutrient deficiencies like iodine.
Option D: Stomatitis is a general term for an inflamed and sore mouth. It can be a symptom of various conditions, including viral infections (like herpes simplex), fungal infections (thrush), allergic reactions, or other nutritional deficiencies such as B vitamins, zinc, or iron, but not iodine.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Pathophysiology of Iodine Deficiency as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
Nurses play a key role in public health education regarding iodine deficiency, promoting the use of iodized salt and consumption of iodine-rich foods like seafood and dairy products.
Assessment for goiter through visual inspection and palpation of the neck is a fundamental nursing skill, especially in community health settings and in regions where iodine deficiency is endemic.
What if? If the patient with iodine deficiency was a pregnant woman, the consequences would be far more severe. Iodine is critical for fetal brain development. Severe maternal deficiency can lead to cretinism in the infant, a condition characterized by irreversible mental and physical retardation.

How to Approach the Question

Identify the core concept in the question stem: the consequence of 'Iodine deficiency'.
This is a factual recall question. Access your knowledge about the primary function of iodine in the human body.
Recall that iodine's main role is in the synthesis of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
Consider how the body would compensate for a lack of this essential building block. A lack of hormone production triggers a signal (TSH) to the gland to work harder, causing it to grow.
Evaluate each option: Goiter is the direct result of thyroid gland enlargement. Kidney stones, cystitis, and stomatitis are related to different organ systems and have distinct causes unrelated to iodine.

Concept Tested & Keywords

QcoNL1NQfzhI8fsrxvDNUC

E6 Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics(2024) — Volume 2 p. 1220-1222

E6 Medicine Davidson Principles Practice 24e p. 667-669