The malnutrition-related disorder called Kwashiorkor is caused by the deficiency of?

CGHS SSC - 2018

Applied Nutrition & Dietetics

Easy

Appeared in: CGHS SSC - 2018

Explanation

Kwashiorkor is a form of severe acute malnutrition primarily caused by a dietary deficiency of protein.
A key characteristic is that calorie intake, often from carbohydrates, may be adequate.
The lack of protein leads to low levels of albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia).
This low albumin level reduces the plasma oncotic pressure, causing fluid to leak from blood vessels into body tissues, resulting in the characteristic generalized edema (swelling).

Option A: Deficiencies of specific vitamins cause distinct diseases, such as scurvy (Vitamin C), rickets (Vitamin D), or pellagra (Niacin), not the generalized edema and hypoalbuminemia seen in Kwashiorkor.
Option B: In Kwashiorkor, the intake of carbohydrates is often sufficient or even high. This is a key feature that distinguishes it from Marasmus. Therefore, a deficiency of carbohydrates is not the cause.
Option C: Calcium deficiency primarily affects bone health, leading to conditions like rickets in children or osteoporosis in adults. It is also crucial for nerve and muscle function but does not cause the systemic protein-deficiency state of Kwashiorkor.

Clinical Relevance

Nursing practice connection: This is primarily an exam-oriented knowledge point with limited direct bedside application, so retain Etiology of Kwashiorkor as background academic context rather than a clinical decision trigger.
Nurses must be skilled in nutritional assessment to differentiate between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus, as the dietary management and refeeding protocols differ significantly.
Monitoring for refeeding syndrome is a critical nursing responsibility when treating any severely malnourished child. This involves closely watching electrolyte levels (especially phosphate, potassium, and magnesium) as nutrition is reintroduced.
Patient education for caregivers is vital, focusing on the importance of a balanced diet with adequate protein sources, especially during and after weaning.

How to Approach the Question

First, identify the key term in the question stem: 'Kwashiorkor'.
This is a factual recall question that tests your knowledge of major nutritional deficiency disorders.
Recall the classic definition of Kwashiorkor. It is characterized by a severe lack of protein in the diet, even when calorie intake might be sufficient.
Systematically evaluate each option. A vitamin deficiency causes conditions like scurvy or rickets. A carbohydrate deficiency is not the primary issue; in fact, carb intake is often high. Calcium deficiency affects bones.
Conclude that protein deficiency is the direct cause of the signs and symptoms of Kwashiorkor, such as edema due to low albumin.

Concept Tested & Keywords

QD-V_mGaSK0yW6Tjf0CwMP

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