A patient may report hearing voice criticizing him every time, he hears the sound of a rotating fan and which stop when the fan is not running. There is which types of hallucination occur?

1. A

   Functional hallucination

2. B

   Pseudo hallucination

3. C

   Visual hallucination

4. D

   Olfactory hallucination

Appeared in: NORCET -4 , 2023

Explanation

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• A functional hallucination is a specific type of perceptual disturbance where a real external stimulus triggers a hallucinatory experience in the same sensory modality.
• In the given scenario, the patient experiences an auditory hallucination (hearing critical voices) only when there is a real auditory stimulus (the sound of a rotating fan).
• The hallucination is dependent on the stimulus; it begins when the fan starts and ceases when the fan stops.
• This direct link between a real sound and a false sound perception is the classic presentation of a functional hallucination.

Why Other Options Were Wrong

• Option B: A pseudo hallucination is incorrect because the individual experiencing it has insight and recognizes that the perception is not real. The question does not suggest the patient has this insight.
• Option C: Visual hallucination is incorrect because it involves the sense of sight (seeing things that are not there). The patient's experience is auditory (hearing things).
• Option D: Olfactory hallucination is incorrect as it involves the sense of smell (smelling odors that are not present). The patient's experience is related to hearing.

Related Visual

• Visual 1: Flowchart: A flowchart differentiating between illusion, functional hallucination, and reflex hallucination. This would clarify how different perceptual disturbances relate to external stimuli.
• Visual 2: Table: A comprehensive table listing all major types of hallucinations (auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile), their definitions, and common clinical associations (e.g., schizophrenia, delirium, substance withdrawal).

Clinical Relevance

• Nursing practice connection: Use the key finding related to Types of Hallucinations to guide bedside assessment, documentation, and the next nursing action.
• Accurately identifying and documenting the type of hallucination is crucial for diagnosing underlying psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or psychotic depression.
• Understanding the triggers for a patient's hallucinations (like the fan in this case) allows nurses to modify the environment to reduce distress. For this patient, using a quieter fan or offering headphones with music could be a helpful intervention.
• What if the patient heard voices when looking at the fan (but the fan was silent)? This would be a reflex hallucination, where a stimulus in one sensory modality (visual) triggers a hallucination in another (auditory).

How to Approach the Question

• First, identify the core components of the scenario: a real stimulus and a false perception.
• The real stimulus is the sound of the rotating fan (auditory).
• The false perception is hearing critical voices (also auditory).
• Analyze the relationship between the two. The false perception only occurs in the presence of the real stimulus.
• Recall the definitions of different types of hallucinations. A hallucination triggered by a real stimulus in the same sensory modality is a functional hallucination.
• Compare this definition to the options provided to select the correct answer.

Concept Tested & Keywords

• Concept Tested: Types of Hallucinations
• Stem keywords: hearing voice, rotating fan, hallucination
• Lead-in keywords: which types
• Clinical cues: The key cue is that the hallucination (voices) is dependent on an external, real stimulus (fan sound) and is in the same sensory modality (auditory).

Question ID

Q92d6ZIMcW3g1AU2kJoSMd

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